next-i18next

The easiest way to translate your Next.js apps.

Supports the App Router (Server Components, Client Components, middleware), the Pages Router, and mixed setups where both routers coexist.

If you already know i18next: next-i18next v16 is a thin layer on top of i18next and react-i18next that handles the Next.js-specific wiring — middleware, server/client split, resource hydration — so you don't have to.

What's new in v16

• App Router support: getT() for Server Components, useT() for Client Components, createProxy() for language detection and routing
• Locale-in-path (/en/about) and no-locale-path (cookie-based) modes
• Mixed Router: Use both App Router and Pages Router in the same app with basePath scoping
• Custom Backends: i18next-http-backend, i18next-locize-backend, i18next-chained-backend, etc.
• Edge-safe Proxy: Zero Node.js dependencies in the proxy/middleware path
• Pages Router: Existing appWithTranslation / serverSideTranslations API preserved under next-i18next/pages

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Table of Contents

• App Router Setup
• No-Locale-Path Mode
• Mixed Router Setup
• Pages Router Setup
• Custom i18next Backends
• API Reference
• Examples
• Migration from v15

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App Router Setup

1. Install

npm install next-i18next i18next react-i18next

2. Translation files

Place JSON translation files in your project. There are two common patterns:

In public/locales/ (served statically, works with default config — local/traditional hosting only):

public/locales/en/common.json
public/locales/en/home.json
public/locales/de/common.json
public/locales/de/home.json

Serverless platforms (Vercel, AWS Lambda, etc.): Files in public/ are served via CDN but are not available on the filesystem at runtime. Use resourceLoader with dynamic imports instead (see below).

In app/i18n/locales/ (bundled via dynamic imports, requires resourceLoader — works everywhere including serverless):

app/i18n/locales/en/common.json
app/i18n/locales/de/common.json

3. Configuration

Create a config file (e.g., i18n.config.ts):

import type { I18nConfig } from 'next-i18next/proxy'

const i18nConfig: I18nConfig = {
  supportedLngs: ['en', 'de'],
  fallbackLng: 'en',
  defaultNS: 'common',
  ns: ['common', 'home'],
  // Recommended: works on all platforms including Vercel/serverless
  resourceLoader: (language, namespace) =>
    import(`./app/i18n/locales/${language}/${namespace}.json`),
}

export default i18nConfig

The resourceLoader uses dynamic import() which the bundler can trace, ensuring translation files are included in the serverless function bundle. If you prefer to keep translations in public/locales/ and are not deploying to a serverless platform, you can omit resourceLoader — next-i18next will read from the filesystem at runtime.

Tip: Import I18nConfig from next-i18next/proxy (not from next-i18next) to keep the config file Edge-safe.

4. Proxy

Create proxy.ts at your project root (Next.js 16+ replaces middleware.ts with proxy.ts):

import { createProxy } from 'next-i18next/proxy'
import i18nConfig from './i18n.config'

export const proxy = createProxy(i18nConfig)

export const config = {
  matcher: ['/((?!api|_next/static|_next/image|assets|favicon.ico|sw.js|site.webmanifest).*)'],
}

Note: createMiddleware from next-i18next/middleware is still available for projects on Next.js < 16.

The proxy:

• Detects language from cookie > Accept-Language header > fallback
• Redirects bare URLs to locale-prefixed paths (e.g., /about -> /en/about)
• Sets a custom header (x-i18next-current-language) for Server Components

5. Root Layout

// app/[lng]/layout.tsx
import { initServerI18next, getT, getResources, generateI18nStaticParams } from 'next-i18next/server'
import { I18nProvider } from 'next-i18next/client'
import i18nConfig from '../../i18n.config'

initServerI18next(i18nConfig)

export async function generateStaticParams() {
  return generateI18nStaticParams()
}

export default async function RootLayout({
  children,
  params,
}: {
  children: React.ReactNode
  params: Promise<{ lng: string }>
}) {
  const { lng } = await params
  const { i18n } = await getT()
  const resources = getResources(i18n)

  return (
    <html lang={lng}>
      <body>
        <I18nProvider language={lng} resources={resources}>
          {children}
        </I18nProvider>
      </body>
    </html>
  )
}

Key points:

• initServerI18next(config) — call once at module scope in the root layout
• getResources(i18n) — serializes loaded translations for client hydration
• I18nProvider — wraps children so client components can use useT()

6. Server Components

// app/[lng]/page.tsx
import { getT } from 'next-i18next/server'

export default async function Home() {
  const { t } = await getT('home')
  return <h1>{t('title')}</h1>
}

export async function generateMetadata() {
  const { t } = await getT('home')
  return { title: t('meta_title') }
}

For the Trans component in Server Components, use react-i18next/TransWithoutContext and pass both t and i18n:

import { Trans } from 'react-i18next/TransWithoutContext'
import { getT } from 'next-i18next/server'

export default async function Page() {
  const { t, i18n } = await getT()
  return (
    <Trans t={t} i18n={i18n} i18nKey="welcome">
      Welcome to <strong>next-i18next</strong>
    </Trans>
  )
}

7. Client Components

'use client'
import { useT } from 'next-i18next/client'

export default function Counter() {
  const { t } = useT('home')
  return <button>{t('click_me')}</button>
}

useT works in both locale-in-path (/en/about) and no-locale-path modes. It accepts [lng] or [locale] as the dynamic route param name.

For the Trans component in Client Components:

'use client'
import { Trans, useT } from 'next-i18next/client'

export default function Greeting() {
  const { t } = useT()
  return <Trans t={t} i18nKey="greeting">Hello <strong>world</strong></Trans>
}

8. Language Switching (locale-in-path)

When the locale is part of the URL path (e.g., /en/about → /de/about), switch languages by navigating to the new locale prefix:

'use client'
import { usePathname, useRouter } from 'next/navigation'

export function LanguageSwitcher({ supportedLngs }: { supportedLngs: string[] }) {
  const pathname = usePathname()
  const router = useRouter()

  const switchLocale = (locale: string) => {
    const segments = pathname.split('/')
    segments[1] = locale
    router.push(segments.join('/'))
  }

  return (
    <div>
      {supportedLngs.map((lng) => (
        <button key={lng} onClick={() => switchLocale(lng)}>{lng}</button>
      ))}
    </div>
  )
}

For the no-locale-path mode (cookie-based), see useChangeLanguage below.

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Hide Default Locale

If you want clean URLs for the default language while keeping locale prefixes for other languages, set hideDefaultLocale: true:

const i18nConfig: I18nConfig = {
  supportedLngs: ['en', 'de'],
  fallbackLng: 'en',
  hideDefaultLocale: true,
}

In this mode:

• /about serves the default language (English) — no prefix needed
• /de/about serves German — non-default locales keep their prefix
• /en/about automatically redirects to /about (canonical clean URL)
• The [lng] folder structure stays the same — the proxy rewrites internally

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No-Locale-Path Mode

If you prefer clean URLs without a locale prefix for all languages (e.g., /about instead of /en/about), set localeInPath: false:

const i18nConfig: I18nConfig = {
  supportedLngs: ['en', 'de'],
  fallbackLng: 'en',
  localeInPath: false,
  resourceLoader: (language, namespace) =>
    import(`./app/i18n/locales/${language}/${namespace}.json`),
}

In this mode:

• Routes live directly under app/ (no [lng] segment)
• The middleware detects language from cookies / Accept-Language, sets the header, but does not redirect
• Server Components use getT() as usual (language is read from the header)
• Client Components use useT() as usual (language comes from I18nProvider)
• Use useChangeLanguage() for language switching (updates cookie + triggers server re-render):

'use client'
import { useChangeLanguage } from 'next-i18next/client'

export function LanguageSwitcher() {
  const changeLanguage = useChangeLanguage()
  return (
    <div>
      <button onClick={() => changeLanguage('en')}>English</button>
      <button onClick={() => changeLanguage('de')}>Deutsch</button>
    </div>
  )
}

The root layout reads the language from i18n.resolvedLanguage instead of URL params:

// app/layout.tsx (no [lng] segment)
export default async function RootLayout({ children }) {
  const { i18n } = await getT()
  const lng = i18n.resolvedLanguage
  const resources = getResources(i18n)

  return (
    <I18nProvider language={lng} resources={resources}>
      <html lang={lng}>
        <body>{children}</body>
      </html>
    </I18nProvider>
  )
}

See examples/app-router-no-locale-path for a complete example.

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Mixed Router Setup (App Router + Pages Router)

For projects that use both routers, next-i18next supports a basePath option that scopes the App Router middleware to a specific URL prefix while the Pages Router uses Next.js built-in i18n routing for everything else.

Configuration

Create a shared config file for common settings:

// i18n.shared.js
module.exports = {
  supportedLngs: ['en', 'de'],
  fallbackLng: 'en',
  defaultNS: 'common',
  ns: ['common', 'footer'],
}

App Router config with basePath:

// i18n.config.ts
import type { I18nConfig } from 'next-i18next/proxy'
const shared = require('./i18n.shared.js')

const i18nConfig: I18nConfig = {
  ...shared,
  basePath: '/app-router',
  resourceLoader: (language, namespace) =>
    import(`./public/locales/${language}/${namespace}.json`),
}

export default i18nConfig

Pages Router config:

// next-i18next.config.js
const shared = require('./i18n.shared.js')

module.exports = {
  i18n: {
    defaultLocale: shared.fallbackLng,
    locales: shared.supportedLngs,
  },
  localePath:
    typeof window === 'undefined'
      ? require('path').resolve('./public/locales')
      : '/locales',
}

Proxy/Middleware

With basePath: '/app-router', createProxy automatically:

• Skips any request not under /app-router/... (letting Pages Router handle those)
• Redirects /app-router/page to /app-router/en/page
• Sets the language header for Server Components under that prefix

// proxy.ts
import { createProxy } from 'next-i18next/proxy'
import i18nConfig from './i18n.config'

export const proxy = createProxy(i18nConfig)

export const config = {
  matcher: ['/app-router/:path*'],
}

next.config.js

Include the Pages Router i18n config so Next.js handles locale routing for Pages:

const { i18n } = require('./next-i18next.config.js')

module.exports = {
  i18n,
  reactStrictMode: true,
}

Directory structure

app/app-router/[locale]/layout.tsx    -- App Router layout
app/app-router/[locale]/page.tsx      -- App Router pages
pages/_app.tsx                         -- appWithTranslation
pages/index.tsx                        -- Pages Router pages
public/locales/en/common.json         -- shared translation files

App Router pages import from next-i18next/server and next-i18next/client. Pages Router pages import from next-i18next/pages and next-i18next/pages/serverSideTranslations.

See examples/mixed-routers for a complete example.

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Pages Router Setup

For projects using only the Pages Router, the familiar v15 API is available under next-i18next/pages:

// next-i18next.config.js
module.exports = {
  i18n: {
    defaultLocale: 'en',
    locales: ['en', 'de'],
  },
}

// next.config.js
const { i18n } = require('./next-i18next.config.js')
module.exports = { i18n }

// pages/_app.tsx
import { appWithTranslation } from 'next-i18next/pages'

const MyApp = ({ Component, pageProps }) => <Component {...pageProps} />
export default appWithTranslation(MyApp)

// pages/index.tsx
import { serverSideTranslations } from 'next-i18next/pages/serverSideTranslations'
import { useTranslation } from 'next-i18next/pages'

export const getStaticProps = async ({ locale }) => ({
  props: {
    ...(await serverSideTranslations(locale, ['common'])),
  },
})

export default function Home() {
  const { t } = useTranslation('common')
  return <h1>{t('title')}</h1>
}

See examples/pages-router-simple, examples/pages-router-ssg, and examples/pages-router-auto-static-optimize for more.

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Custom i18next Backends

next-i18next supports any i18next backend plugin for loading translations from an API, CDN, or services like Locize.

When a custom backend is provided via use, next-i18next will not add its default resource loader, giving you full control.

i18next-http-backend

import { defineConfig } from 'next-i18next'
import HttpBackend from 'i18next-http-backend'

export default defineConfig({
  supportedLngs: ['en', 'de'],
  fallbackLng: 'en',
  use: [HttpBackend],
  i18nextOptions: {
    backend: {
      loadPath: 'https://cdn.example.com/locales/{{lng}}/{{ns}}.json',
    },
  },
})

i18next-locize-backend

import { defineConfig } from 'next-i18next'
import LocizeBackend from 'i18next-locize-backend'

export default defineConfig({
  supportedLngs: ['en', 'de'],
  fallbackLng: 'en',
  use: [LocizeBackend],
  i18nextOptions: {
    backend: {
      projectId: 'your-project-id',
      apiKey: 'your-api-key', // only needed for saving missing keys
    },
  },
})

i18next-chained-backend

For client-side caching with a remote fallback:

import { defineConfig } from 'next-i18next'
import ChainedBackend from 'i18next-chained-backend'
import HttpBackend from 'i18next-http-backend'
import LocalStorageBackend from 'i18next-localstorage-backend'

export default defineConfig({
  supportedLngs: ['en', 'de'],
  fallbackLng: 'en',
  use: [ChainedBackend],
  i18nextOptions: {
    backend: {
      backends: [LocalStorageBackend, HttpBackend],
      backendOptions: [
        { expirationTime: 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000 },
        { loadPath: '/locales/{{lng}}/{{ns}}.json' },
      ],
    },
  },
})

For the client-side I18nProvider, pass custom backend plugins via the use prop:

<I18nProvider
  language={lng}
  resources={resources}
  use={[HttpBackend]}
  i18nextOptions={{
    backend: { loadPath: '/locales/{{lng}}/{{ns}}.json' },
  }}
>
  {children}
</I18nProvider>

Server-side caching

On the server, next-i18next uses a module-level singleton i18next instance:

• Translations are loaded once and reused across all subsequent requests
• Custom backends benefit from this — no re-fetching per request
• Additional namespaces are loaded on demand and cached

In serverless environments (Lambda, Vercel Serverless, etc.), the cache only lives as long as the warm function instance. For serverless, prefer:

1. Bundling translations at build time via resources or resourceLoader with dynamic imports
2. Downloading translations in CI/CD via Locize CLI

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API Reference

next-i18next (root export)

Export	Description
defineConfig(config)	Type-safe config helper (identity function)
normalizeConfig(config)	Fill in defaults and validate config
I18nConfig	Config type

next-i18next/proxy (also available as next-i18next/middleware)

Export	Description
createProxy(config)	Returns a Next.js proxy function (for proxy.ts)
createMiddleware(config)	Alias for createProxy (for middleware.ts on Next.js < 16)
defineConfig, normalizeConfig, I18nConfig	Re-exported for Edge-safe config usage

next-i18next/server

Export	Description
initServerI18next(config)	Initialize server config (call once at module scope)
getT(ns?, options?)	Get { t, i18n } for Server Components. Options: { lng?, keyPrefix? }
getResources(i18n, namespaces?)	Extract loaded resources for client hydration
generateI18nStaticParams()	Returns [{ lng: 'en' }, { lng: 'de' }, ...] for generateStaticParams

next-i18next/client

Export	Description
I18nProvider	Client-side provider wrapping I18nextProvider
useT(ns?, options?)	Translation hook for Client Components (works in all modes)
useChangeLanguage(cookieName?)	Language switcher hook for no-locale-path mode
Trans	Re-exported from react-i18next

next-i18next/pages

Export	Description
appWithTranslation	HOC for _app
useTranslation	Translation hook (re-exported from react-i18next)
Trans, I18nContext, withTranslation	Re-exported from react-i18next

next-i18next/pages/serverSideTranslations

Export	Description
serverSideTranslations(locale, ns?, config?, extraLocales?)	Load translations for getStaticProps / getServerSideProps

Config Options

Option	Default	Description
supportedLngs	required	Array of supported language codes
fallbackLng	required	Default language
defaultNS	'common'	Default namespace
ns	[defaultNS]	All known namespaces
localeInPath	true	Include locale in URL path
hideDefaultLocale	false	When true (with localeInPath: true), the default language has no URL prefix
localePath	'/locales'	Path to locale files relative to /public
localeStructure	'{{lng}}/{{ns}}'	Locale file directory structure
localeExtension	'json'	Locale file extension
resources	—	Pre-loaded resources (skips dynamic loading)
resourceLoader	—	Custom async loader (lng, ns) => Promise<object>
basePath	—	URL prefix for proxy/middleware scoping (e.g., '/app-router')
cookieName	'i18next'	Cookie name for language persistence
headerName	'x-i18next-current-language'	Header name for server-side language passing
cookieMaxAge	31536000 (1 year)	Cookie max age in seconds
ignoredPaths	['/api', '/_next', '/static']	Paths the proxy/middleware should skip
use	[]	Extra i18next plugins
i18nextOptions	{}	Additional i18next init options
nonExplicitSupportedLngs	false	Match 'en' to 'en-US' etc.

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Examples

Example	Description
app-router-simple	App Router with locale-in-path (/en/...)
app-router-no-locale-path	App Router with cookie-based language (no locale in URL)
mixed-routers	App Router + Pages Router in the same project
pages-router-simple	Pages Router with getStaticProps / getServerSideProps
pages-router-ssg	Pages Router with static export (output: 'export')
pages-router-auto-static-optimize	Pages Router with client-side loading via chained backend

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Migration from v15

App Router users

If you were using i18next and react-i18next directly (as recommended in v15):

1. npm install next-i18next@16
2. Create an i18n.config.ts with your languages and namespaces
3. Replace your custom proxy/middleware with createProxy(config) in proxy.ts
4. Replace your custom getT / translation init with initServerI18next + getT from next-i18next/server
5. Replace your custom I18nProvider with the one from next-i18next/client
6. Replace useTranslation with useT from next-i18next/client in client components

Pages Router users

1. Update imports from next-i18next to next-i18next/pages
2. Update serverSideTranslations import to next-i18next/pages/serverSideTranslations
3. Update type imports: import type { TFunction, WithTranslation, I18n } from 'next-i18next/pages'
4. Everything else works the same

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Contributors

Thanks goes to these wonderful people (emoji key):

Rob Capellini 💻 ⚠️	Alexander Kachkaev 📢 💬 🤔 💻 ⚠️	Mathias Wøbbe 💻 🤔 ⚠️	Lucas Feliciano 🤔 👀	Ryan Leung 💻	Nathan Friemel 💻 📖 💡 🤔	Isaac Hinman 💻 📖 🤔 🚧
Adriano Raiano 💻 📖 🤔 🚧	Felix Mosheev 💬 💻 ⚠️	Sébastien Vanvelthem 💻 📖

This project follows the all-contributors specification. Contributions of any kind welcome!

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Gold Sponsors

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localization as a service - Locize

Needing a translation management? Want to edit your translations with an InContext Editor? Use the original provided to you by the maintainers of i18next!

Now with a Free plan for small projects! Perfect for hobbyists or getting started.

By using Locize you directly support the future of i18next and next-i18next.

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